Dr Steven Justin Simms Mountain View Patient Reviews

American physician and gynecologist (1813-1883)

J. Marion Sims
Born	James Marion Sims January 25, 1813 (1813-01-25) [1] Lancaster County, South Carolina, U.S.
Died	Nov 13, 1883 (1883-xi-14) (anile seventy)[2] Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Alma mater	Jefferson Medical College
Occupation	Surgeon
Spouse(due south)	Theresa Jones
Children	Mary Virginia Carr Eliza Theresa Sims Granville Sharp Sims Carrie Marion Sims Merry Christmas Sims Fannie Marion Sims Dr. Harry Marion-Sims William Marion Sims Florence Nightingale Wyeth
Parent(due south)	John Sims Mahala Mackey
Relatives	John Allan Wyeth (son-in-police) Marion Sims Wyeth (grandson) John Allan Wyeth (grandson)
Signature

James Marion Sims (January 25, 1813 – November 13, 1883) was an American physician in the field of surgery, known every bit the "father of modern gynecology" – merely also as a controversial figure, due to the ethical questions raised by how he developed his techniques.^[3] His most pregnant work was the development of a surgical technique for the repair of vesicovaginal fistula, a severe complication of obstructed childbirth.^[4] He is also remembered for inventing Sims' speculum, Sims' sigmoid catheter, and the Sims' position. Nonetheless, as medical ethicist Barron H. Lerner states, "one would exist hard pressed to observe a more than controversial effigy in the history of medicine."^[5]

Sims developed his surgical techniques by operating without anesthesia on enslaved black women.^{[3] [5]} In the 20th century, this was condemned as an improper utilize of human experimental subjects and Sims was described as "a prime instance of progress in the medical profession made at the expense of a vulnerable population".^[iii] Sims' practices were defended as consistent with the US in the era in which he lived by physician and anthropologist Fifty. Lewis Wall,^[6] and according to Sims, the enslaved black women were "willing" and had no better selection.^[v]

Sims was a voluminous writer and his published reports on his medical experiments, together with his own 471-page autobiography (summarized by Wylie),^[7] have been the primary sources of knowledge about him and his career. His positive cocky-presentation has, in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, been subject to revision.

Early life, education and career [edit]

J. Marion Sims (called Marion) was born in Lancaster Canton, S Carolina,^[8] the son of John and Mahala (Mackey) Sims. For his commencement 12 years, Sims' family lived in Lancaster Hamlet north of Hanging Rock Creek, where his father owned a store. Sims later wrote of his early school days there.^{[vii] : 4–5}

After his father was elected as sheriff of Lancaster County, he sent Sims in 1825 to the newly established Franklin Academy, in Lancaster. In 1832, after two years of study at the predecessor of the Academy of South Carolina, Southward Carolina College, where he was a member of the Euphradian Society, Sims worked with Dr. Churchill Jones in Lancaster, South Carolina. He took a three-calendar month course at the Medical College of Charleston (predecessor of the Medical University of Southward Carolina).

He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1834 and enrolled at the Jefferson Medical College, where he graduated in 1835, "a lackluster pupil who showed niggling appetite after receiving his medical degree".^[five] As he put information technology,

I felt no particular interest in my profession at the beginning of it apart from making a living.... I was really ready at whatever time and at whatever moment to accept upwards anything that offered, or that held out whatever inducement of fortune, because I knew that I could never make a fortune out of the do of medicine.^{[7] : eight}

He returned to Lancaster to exercise. After his start two patients died, Sims left and set upwardly a practice in Mount Meigs, near Montgomery, Alabama.^{[7] : 7} He described the settlement in a letter to his future wife Theresa Jones as "nothing merely a pile of gin-houses, stables, blacksmith-shops, grog-shops, taverns and stores, thrown together in one promiscuous huddle".^{[9] : 374} He was in Mount Meigs from 1835 to 1837.^{[10] : 6} Sims visited Lancaster in 1836 to ally Theresa, whom he had met many years earlier, when a student in Lancaster. She was the niece of Churchill Jones, and had studied at the South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute.^{[9] : 177–178 [11]}

In 1837 Sims and his wife moved to Macon County, Alabama, where they remained until 1840.^{[x] : 6} He was a "plantation physician",^[12] who had "a partnership in a large practise amidst rich plantations."^{[seven] : 7} "Sims became known for operations on clubfeet, scissure palates and crossed eyes."^[12] This was his first experience treating enslaved black women, who were brought to him by their owners.

In 1840 the couple moved to Montgomery, Alabama,^{[seven] : seven–8} where they lived until 1853.^{[10] : ten} There Sims had what he described as the "nearly memorable time" of his career.^[thirteen] Within a few years he "had the largest surgical practice in the Land", the largest practice that whatsoever md in Montgomery had ever had, upwardly to that time.^{[10] : seven} "He was immensely pop, and greatly love."^{[10] : 8}

Medical experimentation on enslaved women [edit]

Background [edit]

The use of enslaved people for medical enquiry was uncontroversial in the Antebellum South. A prospectus from the 1830s of the South Carolina Medical Higher, the leading medical school in the South, pointed out to prospective students that it had an advantage of a peculiar character:

Nineteenth-century medical school operating theater (Thomas Eakins, The Agnew Dispensary, 1889)

No place in the Usa offers as great opportunities for the conquering of anatomical noesis. Subjects existence obtained from among the colored population in sufficient number for every purpose, and proper dissections carried on without offending whatever individuals in the community.^{[xiv] : 190}

The College announced, in advertisements in the Charleston papers, that it had set up a surgery (operating room) for negroes, and offered to treat without charge, while it was in session, whatever "interesting cases" sent by their owners, "for the do good and instruction of their pupils". They extended the offer to gratuitous "persons of color".^{[14] : 191} The advertisement ends past pointing out that their "SOLE OBJECT...[was] to promote the involvement of Medical Education. "^{[14] : 193}

Repair of vesicovaginal fistula [edit]

Sims' office in Montgomery, Alabama

In Montgomery, Sims continued treating slaves (who made up two thirds of the urban center's population^{[15] : 34} ). He built a hospital for the slaves he bought or rented and kept on his property.^{[7] : 9} Information technology has been called "the first woman's hospital in history".^[16]

In 1845 he was brought a woman with a condition he had not seen before: vesicovaginal fistula. In the 19th century, vesicovaginal fistulas, though not fatal, were a common, socially destructive, and "catastrophic complexity of childbirth",^[vi] that afflicted many women. There was no effective cure or treatment. Lacking acceptable birth command, women more often than not had a loftier charge per unit of childbirth, which increased their rate of complications.^[17] Vesicovaginal fistulas occur when the adult female's bladder, cervix, and vagina become trapped between the fetal skull and the woman's pelvis, cut off claret period and leading to tissue death. The necrotic tissue later sloughs off, leaving a hole. Following this injury, as urine forms, it leaks out of the vaginal opening, leading to a form of incontinence. Because a continuous stream of urine leaks from the vagina, it is difficult to care for. The victim suffers personal hygiene issues that may lead to marginalization from society, and vaginal irritation, scarring, and loss of vaginal role. Sims too worked to repair rectovaginal fistulas, a related condition in which flatulence and feces escape through a torn vagina, leading to fecal incontinence.^[half-dozen]

In the mid-19th century, gynecology was not a well-developed field: "the practise of examining the female organs was considered repugnant by doctors." In medical school, doctors were oft trained on dummies to deliver babies. They did non see their starting time clinical cases of women until beginning their practices.^{[17] : 28} Sims had had no formal background in gynecology prior to showtime his practise in Alabama.^[7] He remarked in his autobiography that "if there was annihilation I hated, information technology was investigating the organs of the female person pelvis".^{[15] : 34}

When an enslaved woman was brought to him with an injured pelvis from a autumn from a horse, he placed her in a knee-chest position and inserted his finger into the vagina. This allowed Sims to see the vagina clearly, and inspired him to investigate fistula treatment.^{[17] [7]} Soon after, he developed a forerunner to the mod speculum, using a pewter spoon and strategically placed mirrors.^[eighteen] Sims was non the get-go to successfully treat a vesicovaginal fistula however. He was preceded by Dr. George Hayward in 1839 and John Peter Mettauer in 1838.^[nineteen] Henry van Roonhuyse's clinical treatise entitled Medico-Chirurgical Observations (1676) outlined essential repair steps that are recognizable today.^[20]

From 1845 to 1849, Sims started doing experiments on enslaved blackness women to treat vaginal problems. He added a second story to his hospital, for a total of eight beds.^{[seven] : 10} He developed techniques that have been the basis of modern vaginal surgery. A primal component was silver wire, which he had a jeweler fix.^[21] The Sims' vaginal speculum aided in vaginal examination and surgery. The rectal examination position, in which the patient is on the left side with the correct knee flexed against the abdomen and the left knee slightly flexed, is also named for him.

Experimental subjects [edit]

In Montgomery, between 1845 and 1849, Sims conducted experimental surgery on 12 enslaved black women with fistulas in his backyard infirmary.^[22] They were brought to him past their owners. Sims asked for patients with this fistula, and "succeeded in finding vi or seven women".^{[7] : 9} Sims took responsibility for their care on the condition that the owners provide clothing and pay any taxes; Sims provided nutrient.^[18] One he purchased "expressly for the purpose of experimentation when her master resisted Sims' solicitations."^{[15] : 35}

He named three enslaved black women in his records: Anarcha, Betsy, and Lucy. Each suffered from fistula, and all were subjects of his surgical experimentation.^[5] From 1845 to 1849 he conducted experimental surgery on each of them several times, operating on Anarcha 30 times before the repair of her fistulas was declared a success.^[17] She had both vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas, which he struggled to repair.^[6] Sims ignored the AMA's Lawmaking of Ethics and Jones counsel.^[23] "Still repeated failures during four years' time, he kept his six patients and operated until he tired out his medico assistants, and finally had to rely upon his patients to assist him to operate."^{[7] : 10} Unlike his previous essays, which included at least a brief description of his patients, the article issued in The American Journal of the Medical Sciences is devoid of any identifying characteristics of Anarcha, Betsy, and Lucy.^[23]

Although anesthesia had very recently become available and used experimentally, Sims did non utilize whatsoever anesthetic during his procedures on these three women.^[5] Co-ordinate to Sims, anesthesia was not yet fully accepted into surgical practice, and he was unaware of the utilize of diethyl ether.^{[6] [18]} Experimental employ of ether equally an anesthetic was performed as early every bit 1842, still it was not published or demonstrated until 1846.^{[18] [24]}

A 2006 review of Sims' work in the Periodical of Medical Ideals said that ether anesthesia was beginning publicly demonstrated in Boston in 1846, a year after Sims began his experimental surgery. The article notes that, while ether's use every bit an anesthetic spread rapidly, information technology was non universally accustomed at the time of Sims' experimental surgery.^{[half dozen]}

In addition, a common belief at the time was that black people did not experience as much hurting as white people.^[25] I patient, named Lucy, nigh died from sepsis. He had operated on her without anesthetics in the presence of twelve doctors, following the experimental use of a sponge to wipe urine from the bladder during the process.^[17] She contracted sepsis because he left this sponge in her urethra and bladder.^[22] He did administer opium to the women later their surgery, which was accepted therapeutic practice of the day.^[26]

Later the extensive experimental surgery, and complications, Sims finally perfected his technique. He repaired the fistulas successfully in Anarcha. The silver-wire sutures, developed in 1849,^{[7] : 10} helped him make the first completely successful repair of a fistula. Sims published an business relationship of this in his surgical reports of 1852.^[3] He proceeded to repair fistulas in several other enslaved black women.^[27]

According to Durrenda Ojanuga from the University of Alabama, "Many white women came to Sims for treatment of vesicovaginal fistula after the successful functioning on Anarcha. However, none of them, due to the hurting, were able to endure a single operation." The Journal of Medical Ethics reports a case report of one white adult female, whose fistula was repaired by Sims without the apply of anesthesia, in a series of three operations carried out in 1849.^[6]

Sims later moved to New York to establish a Woman's Infirmary, where he performed the operation on white women. According to Ojanuga, Sims used anesthesia when conducting fistula repair on white women. But L. L. Wall, likewise writing for the Journal of Medical Ethics, states that as of 1857, Sims did non use anesthesia to perform fistula surgery on white women, citing a public lecture where Sims spoke to the New York Academy of Medicine on November eighteen, 1857. During this lecture, Sims said that he never used anesthesia for fistula surgery "because they are not painful enough to justify the trouble and run a risk attending their administration". While acknowledging this as shocking to modernistic sensibilities, Wall noted that Sims was expressing the contemporary sensibilities of the mid-1800s, particularly amid surgeons who began their practice in the pre-anesthetic era.^{[17] [25] [6]} In 1874 Sims addressed the New York Country Medical Society on "The Discovery of Anaesthesia",^{[28] [29]} and in 1880 read to the New York Academy of Medicine a paper, soon published, about a death from anesthesia.^{[7] : 22 [30]}

Anarcha, Lucy and Betsy, three of the enslaved blackness women experimented upon by Sims without consent are memorialized in a statue entitled "Mothers of Gynecology" erected in Montgomery, Alabama on September 24, 2021.^[31]

Trismus nascentium [edit]

During his early on medical years, Sims also became interested in "trismus nascentium", as well known as neonatal tetanus, that occurs in newborns. A 19th century md described it as "a disease that has been virtually constantly fatal, commonly in the grade of a few days; the women are so persuaded of its inevitable fatality that they seldom or ever telephone call for the help of our art."^[32]

Trismus nascentium is a form of generalised tetanus. Infants who have not caused passive immunity from the mother having been immunised are at hazard for this disease. It normally occurs through infection of the unhealed umbilical stump, particularly when the stump is cutting with a non-sterile instrument. In the 21st century, neonatal tetanus by and large occurs in developing countries, particularly those with the least developed health infrastructure. It is rare in developed countries.^[33]

Trismus nascentium is now recognized to be the upshot of unsanitary practices and nutritional deficiencies. In the 19th century its cause was unknown, and many enslaved African children contracted this disease. Medical historians believe that the conditions of the quarters of enslaved people were the cause. Sims alluded to the idea that sanitation and living conditions played a role in contraction.^[12]

He wrote:

Whenever there are poverty, and filth, and laziness, or where the intellectual capacity is cramped, the moral and social feelings blunted, in that location it will exist oftener found. Wealth, a cultivated intellect, a refined mind, an affectionate heart, are comparatively exempt from the ravages of this unmercifully fatal malady. But expose this class to the same concrete causes, and they go equal sufferers with the showtime.^[12]

Sims as well thought trismus nascentium developed from skull bone move during protracted births. To test this, Sims used a shoemaker's awl to pry the skull bones of enslaved infants into alignment. These experiments had a 100% fatality rate. Sims often performed autopsies on the corpses, which he kept for farther research on the condition.^{[12] [34]} He blamed these fatalities on "the sloth and ignorance of their mothers and the black midwives who attended them", as opposed to the all-encompassing experimental surgeries that he conducted upon the babies.^{[34] [35] [36]}

Critiques of experimentation [edit]

Sims' experimental surgeries without anesthesia on enslaved women, who could not consent, have been described since the belatedly 20th century as an example of racism in the medical profession. This is seen as role of the historical oppression of black people and vulnerable populations in the U.s.a..^[three] Patients of Sims' fistula and trismus nascentium operations were not given available anesthetics. He acquired the deaths of babies on whom he operated for the trismus nascentium condition.

In regards to Sims' discoveries, Durrenda Ojenunga wrote in 1993:

His fame and fortune were a consequence of unethical experimentation with powerless black women. Dr. Sims, "the male parent of gynecology", was the first md to perfect a successful technique for the cure of vesicovaginal fistula, however despite his accolades, in his quest for fame and recognition, he manipulated the social institution of slavery to perform human being experimentation, which by any standard is unacceptable.^[17]

Terri Kapsalis writes in Mastering the Female Pelvis, "Sims' fame and wealth are as indebted to slavery and racism as they are to innovation, insight, and persistence, and he has left behind a frightening legacy of medical attitudes toward and treatments of women, particularly women of color."^[37]

Drawing on Sims' published autobiography, case-histories, and correspondence, historian Stephen C. Kenny highlights how Sims' surgical handling of enslaved infants suffering from neonatal tetanus was a typical, just tragically distinctive, feature in the career of an ambitious medical professional in the slave south. Individual doctors like Sims and the profession were incentivized in multiple ways through the system of chattel slavery, many were not but enslaver-physicians, merely besides traded in enslaved people, while at the aforementioned time their medical inquiry was avant-garde directly and significantly through the exploitation of the enslaved population.^[34] In a related article exploring the types, frequency and functions of slave hospitals in the American South, Kenny identifies Sims' private 'negro hospital' located backside his office on South Perry as an example of a 'hospital-for-experimentation', where Sims also undertook a series of gruelling and unsafe invasive surgeries on enslaved men. Sims used the surgical opportunities presented past long neglected chronic – and often incurable – cases of illness and injuries amongst the enslaved to sharpen his skills and stake a merits for professional celebrity – all in the context of the profits to be made from human trafficking i of the South's busiest slave markets.^[38]

Author Harriet A. Washington, in her 2007 book Medical Apartheid, writes of Sims' experiments: "Each naked, unanesthetized slave woman had to be forcibly restrained by other physicians through her shrieks of agony as Sims determinedly sliced, then sutured her genitalia."^[39] Facing Due south, a publication of the Found for Southern Studies, wrote that slaves were forced to hold each other down during surgery.^[forty]

Physician L. L. Wall, writing in the Journal of Medical Ethics, says fistula surgery on not-anesthetized patients would require cooperation from the patient, and would not be possible if there were whatsoever active resistance from the patient. Wall writes that surviving documentation from the time says the women were trained to assist in their own surgical procedures. Wall also argues the documentation suggests the women consented to the surgeries, every bit the women were motivated to have their fistulas repaired, due to the serious medical and social nature of vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas.^[six] Co-ordinate to gynaecologist Caroline M. de Costa, writing in the Medical Journal of Commonwealth of australia:

Hideous as the accounts of his surgery may appear to sensitive 20th century eyes, undoubtedly Sims was at least partly motivated past a desire to amend the lot of his enslaved patients. In this, he was no different from many 19th century surgeons experimenting with the techniques that are the foundation of current surgical practice, gynaecological and otherwise. The lives of the slave women on whom Sims experimented would have been even more miserable without their subsequent cures, and the knowledge gained has been practical to fistula repair for thousands of women since.^[41]

In his autobiography, J. Marion Sims said he was indebted to the enslaved black women on whom he experimented. Later on multiple failed operations he was discouraged, and the enslaved women encouraged him to proceed, because they were adamant to have their medical afflictions cured.^[6] Shortly after Sims' successful repair of Anarcha's vesicovaginal and rectovaginal fistulas in 1849, he successfully repaired the fistulas of the other enslaved women. They returned to their owners' plantations.^[27]

Sims has been criticized for operating on the enslaved black women without their consent. Wall writes in the Journal of Medical Ethics that legally, consent was granted by the slaves' owners. He noted that enslaved black women were a "vulnerable population" with respect to medical experimentation. Wall also writes that Sims obtained consent from the women themselves.

He cites an 1855 passage from New York Medical Gazette and Journal of Health, where Sims wrote:

For this purpose [therapeutic surgical experimentation] I was fortunate in having 3 young salubrious colored girls given to me by their owners in Alabama, I agreeing to perform no operation without the full consent of the patients, and never to perform any that would, in my judgment, jeopard life, or produce greater mischief on the injured organs—the owners agreeing to allow me keep them (at my own expense) till I was thoroughly convinced whether the affection could be cured or not.^[vi]

Deirdre Cooper Owens wrote: "Sims has been painted equally either a monstrous butcher or a benign figure who, despite his slaveowning condition, wanted to cure all women from their distinctly gendered suffering."^[42] She describes these opposing views as overly reductionist, proverb his history is more nuanced. He lived in a slave-property society and expressed the racism and sexism that were considered normal during his fourth dimension.

New York and Europe [edit]

Sims moved to New York in 1853 because of his wellness and was adamant to focus on diseases of women. He had an part at 267 Madison Artery.^[43]

In 1855 he founded the Adult female's Hospital, the first hospital for women in the United States. His projection met with "universal opposition" from the New York medical community;^{[vii] : xi} information technology was due to prominent women that he established it. They were visited past "prominent doctors, who endeavored to convince them that they were making a mistake, that they had been deceived, that no such hospital was needed, etc."^{[7] : 12–13} "I was called a quack and a humbug, and the hospital was pronounced a fraud. Still information technology went on with its work."^{[7] : 13} In the Woman'southward Hospital, he performed operations on indigent women, oftentimes in an operating theatre and then that medical students and other doctors could view it, as was considered fundamental to medical education at the time. Some patients remained in the infirmary indefinitely and underwent repeated procedures.^[15]

Sims and the Confederacy [edit]

In November 2017, author J.C. Hallman's article almost Sims' Cardinal Park statue, "Monumental Mistake"^[44] appeared on the embrace of Harper's Magazine. The commodity played a function in the broader discussion about Confederate monuments, and in a later on op-ed for the Montgomery Advertiser, Hallman revealed Sims' career equally a spy during the Civil War and the fraudulent history of another Sims monument in Montgomery, Alabama.^[45]

In 1861, during the American Civil War, Sims, a "loyal Southerner",^{[15] : 46} moved to Europe, where he toured hospitals and worked on fistula patients in London, Paris, Edinburgh, Dublin, and Brussels.^{[12] [7]} Yet, co-ordinate to J.C. Hallman, he was in that location as 1 of several authorities agents of the Confederacy, who were seeking money (loans), diplomatic recognition of their new regime (no land ever recognized information technology), and supplies and ships. An intercepted letter informed Lincoln'due south Secretary of Country, William H. Seward, that Sims was "secessionist in sentiment", and that his "purpose in going abroad at this time is believed to be hostile to the government", as Seward reported to U.S. diplomats in Europe.^[46] Co-ordinate to the U.South. Minister in Brussels Henry Shelton Sanford, Sims was a "tearing secessionist", and his "movements in Europe had 'given color to (the) opinion' that he was a spy".^[46]

The nearly celebrated episode in Sims' life was his summons, in 1863, to treat Empress Eugénie for a fistula. This widely reported episode helped Sims to solidify his worldwide reputation every bit a surgeon.^[12] But co-ordinate to Hallman, no source confirms that Eugénie had any medical problem at all. Sims' visits to the palace were semi-diplomatic Confederate visits, and the disease an invention to escape the vigilance of the U.S. diplomats, who had their eyes on Sims. Eugénie became an "ardent disciple" of the Confederacy.^[46]

Sims later on said that it was a "dreadful mistake ... to give the negro the franchise."^[46] 2 years later on, offer a toast on board the steamer Atlantic, returning to Europe, he claimed that in the aftermath of the war, the South had been degraded "beyond the level of the meanest slave that ever wore a shackle."^[46]

At the same fourth dimension, Sims argued that information technology was puerile for the South to sulk in its loss. He called for an acceptance of the issues of the war, including the Fifteenth Amendment. "It is folly to talk of the lost cause," he said.^[46]

Later career [edit]

Having treated royalty, after his render to the United states, Sims raised his charges in his private practice. He effectively limited it to wealthy women, although "he e'er had a long gyre of clemency patients".^{[ description needed ] [47] : 25} He became known for the Battey surgery, which contributed to his "honorable reputation".^{[ clarification needed ]} This involved the removal of both ovaries. It became a popular treatment to relieve insanity, epilepsy, hysteria, and other "disorders of the nerves" (as mental affliction was called at the fourth dimension). At the time, these were believed to be caused by disorders of the female reproductive system.^[15]

Sims received honors and medals for his successful operations in many countries. Since the 20th century, the necessity of many of these surgeries has been questioned. He performed surgery for what were considered gynecological bug: such equally clitoridectomies, and then believed to control hysteria or improper beliefs related to sexuality. These were done at the requests of the women'due south husbands or fathers, who were permitted nether the law to commit the women to surgery involuntarily.^[27]

Nether the patronage of Napoleon III, Sims organized the American-Anglo Ambulance Corps, which treated wounded soldiers from both sides at the Boxing of Sedan.^[27]

Interruption with the Adult female'due south Hospital [edit]

In 1871, Sims returned to New York and resumed working at the Women'southward Hospital, during which he provided surgical treatment for women with cancer. At the time, cancer was a disreputable disease feared by some to exist contagious or argued to have a venereal origin. In response to Sims' efforts, the highly influential Ladies' Lath of the Woman's Hospital strongly argued confronting the treatment of cancer patients, which resulted in the infirmary prohibiting the admission of cancer patients. At a coming together of the hospital's Board of Governors in 1874, Sims gave a speech rebuking the Board for denying the handling of cancer fifty-fifty in its primeval stages. In addition, he criticized the restriction imposed by the Ladies' Board limiting the number of spectators to 15 on operating days. Previously, equally many every bit sixty could observe any given operation, but this had been changed because the Ladies' Lath considered it an affront to a woman's modesty to take more than xv male person surgeons find a woman'south sexual organs nether handling. Sims argued however that this restriction impaired the distribution of noesis to the many surgeons who came to New York to study gynecological diseases.^[48]

The controversial nature of Sims' speech within the Women's Hospital resulted in the acceptance of his resignation by the Board of Governors a calendar month later, as well as accusations of being "reckless" and "lethal" by a fellow member of the Board of Governors, who argued Sims should exist fired for his insubordination, and a disharmonize with some other doctors of the Adult female'due south Hospital, with whom Sims carried on a dialogue by means of published pamphlets.^{[49] [50] [51]}

Later on quarreling with the board of the Adult female's Hospital over the access of cancer patients, Sims became instrumental in establishing America's first cancer plant, New York Cancer Infirmary.^[52]

In reply to the treatment he received from the Woman's Hospital, Sims was unanimously elected president of the American Medical Association, an office he held from 1876 to 1877.^{[10] : 18 [12]}

Expiry [edit]

Sims suffered 2 angina attacks in 1877, and in 1880, contracted a severe case of typhoid fever. Westward. Gill Wylie, an early 20th-century biographer, said that although Sims suffered delirium, he was "constantly contriving instruments and conducting operations".^[7] Later on several months and a move to Charleston to aid his convalescence, Sims recovered in June 1881. He traveled to French republic. After his return to the Usa in September 1881, he began to mutter of an increase in heart problems.

According to Wylie, Sims consulted with doctors for his unknown cardiac status both in the The states and in Europe. He was "positive that he had a serious disease of the heart and it caused deep mental depression".^[7] He was halfway through writing his autobiography and planning a return visit to Europe when he died of a heart attack on November thirteen, 1883 in Manhattan, New York City. He had just visited a patient with his son, H. Marion Sims. He is buried at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.

Legacy and honors [edit]

• On the championship page of the reprint of an article, "History of the Discovery of Anesthesia", first published in the May 1877 number of the Virginia Medical Monthly, Sims listed his honors as:

  Writer of "Silver Sutures in Surgery," "The Sims Functioning for Vesico-Vaginal Fistula," "Uterine Diseases," "History of the Discovery of Anaesthesia", Etc., Etc.; Member of the Historical Club of New York; Surgeon to the Empress Eugenie; Delegate to Annual Conference of the Association for the Reform and Codification of the Law of Nations, 1879; Founder of the Woman'due south Hospital of the State of New York, and formerly Surgeon to the Same; Centennial President of the American Medical Association, Philadelphia, 1876; President of the International Medical Congress at Berne, 1877; Beau of the American Medical Association; Permanent Member of the New York Country Medical Lodge; Fellow of the Academy of Sciences, of the University of Medicine, of the Pathological Guild, of the Neurological Society, of the Canton Medical Society, and of the Obstetrical Club of New York; Young man of the American Gynaecological Association; Honorary Boyfriend of the State Medical Societies of Connecticut, Virginia, South Carolina, Alabama and Texas; Honorary Beau of the Purple Academy of Medicine of Brussels; Honorary Young man of the Obstetrical Societies of London, Dublin and Berlin, and of the Medical Society of Christiana [Oslo]; Knight of the Legion of Honor (French republic); Commander of Orders of Belgium, Federal republic of germany, Republic of austria, Russia, Spain, Portugal and Italia, Etc., Etc., Etc.^[43]

• A statuary statue by Ferdinand Freiherr von Miller (the younger), depicting Sims in surgical wear,^[53] was erected in Bryant Park, New York, in 1894, taken down in the 1920s among subway construction, and moved to the northeastern corner of Primal Park, at 103rd Street, in 1934, opposite the New York Academy of Medicine.^{[27] [54]} The address delivered at its rededication was published in the Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine.^[55] This is the first statue erected in the Us in accolade of any physician. The statue became the eye of protests in 2017 due to Sims' operations on enslaved black women.^[56] The statue was defaced with the discussion RACIST and had the optics painted cherry.^[57] In Apr 2018, the New York City Public Blueprint Commission voted unanimously to have the statue removed from Primal Park and installed in Green-Wood Cemetery, near where Sims is cached.^[54]
• Some other memorial was installed on the grounds of his alma mater, Jefferson Medical College.^{[ citation needed ]}
• There is a statue on the grounds of the Alabama Land Capitol in Montgomery^[3] (defended in 1939^[58]). In April 2018, when Silent Sam was doused with cherry ink and blood, the statue had ketchup thrown on it while a skit about Sims was performed.^[59] "An alternative statue of Sims's 'starting time cure', the young woman known as Anarcha, was erected in protest only to exist stolen in the night."^[58]
• Some other statue of Sims, installed in 1929,^[sixty] is at the South Carolina Country Business firm in Columbia; the mayor of Columbia, Stephen K. Benjamin, in 2017 chosen for its removal,^[61] equally take other protestors.^[62]
• A painting by Marshall Bouldin III entitled Medical Giants of Alabama, that depicted Sims and other white men standing over a partially clothed blackness patient, was commissioned for $20,000 in 1982 (paid for by donors). Information technology was on display at the University of Alabama at Birmingham's Middle for Advanced Medical Studies, but was removed in late 2005 or early 2006 considering of complaints from people offended past information technology, and the ethical questions associated with Sims.^{[63] [64]}
• The Medical University of Due south Carolina, whose predecessor Sims attended, ready around 1980 an endowed chair in his honor. In February, 2018, the chair was renamed.^[65] Nevertheless, a "J. Marion Sims Chair" in obstetrics and gynecology even so appears in a March 2018, program.^[66] A J. Marion Sims Society, a educatee organization, existed in that location from 1923 to 1945.^[67]
• A Sims Memorial Address on Gynecology, delivered before the South Carolina Medical Society at Charleston, is documented from 1927.^[68]
• In 1950, a historical marking was erected virtually the site of his parents' farmhouse, where he was built-in. Nowadays at the dedication ceremony were Congressman James P. Richards and representatives of the American Medical Association, the Medical Higher of Southward Carolina, the University of Due south Carolina, the chairman of Lancaster's Marion Sims Memorial Hospital board, the state archivist of S Carolina, and iv of Sims' children. Dr. Roderick McDonald, president of the Southward Carolina Medical Association, introduced the speaker, Dr. Seale Harris, past president of the Southern Medical Association and quondam editor of the Southern Medical Periodical, whose biography of Sims, Adult female's Surgeon: the Life Story of J. Marion Sims, had just been published.^{[69] [three]}
• The medical higher at the Academy of South Carolina is named Sims Higher in his honour; in June 2020, the academy passed a resolution asking for the state to rename the college pursuant to the South Carolina Heritage Act.^[70]
• A cartoon of Sims appeared on the cover of the November 2017 issue of The Nation.^{[ citation needed ]}
• A J. Marion Sims Foundation was founded in 1995 in his home town of Lancaster, South Carolina. It has dispensed almost $50,000,000 in grants.^[71]
• The Marion Sims Memorial Hospital is located in Lancaster.
• In Montgomery, Alabama, a historical marking at 37 South Perry St. marks the location of Sims' house and backyard infirmary or infirmary. The building on the site is from the early 20th century.^[72]
• In 1953, Sims was elected to the Alabama Hall of Fame.^[16]

Contributions [edit]

• Vaginal surgery: fistula repair. Invented silver wire as a suture.
• Instrumentation: Sims' speculum; Sims' sigmoid catheter.
• Examination and surgical positioning: Sims' position.
• Fertility treatment: Insemination and postcoital exam.
• Cancer care: Sims argued for the admission of cancer patients to the Adult female'southward Hospital, despite gimmicky beliefs that the disease was contagious.
• Abdominal surgery: Sims advocated a laparotomy to stop bleeding from bullet wounds to this expanse, repair the damage and bleed the wound. His opinion was sought when President James Garfield was shot in an assassination endeavour; Sims responded from Paris past telegram. Sims' recommendations afterward gained acceptance.^[27]
• Gallbladder surgery: In 1878, Sims drained a distended gallbladder and removed its stones. He published the case believing information technology was the first of its kind; however, a like example had already been reported in Indianapolis in 1867.^[27]

See besides [edit]

• Unethical man experimentation in the United States
• List of monument and memorial controversies in the United States#J. Marion Sims (2017)
• Anarcha Westcott

References [edit]

1. ^ Sims 1889, p. 32.
2. ^ Sims 1889, p. 23.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f one thousand} Spettel, Sarah; White, Mark Donald (June 2011). "The Portrayal of J. Marion Sims' Controversial Surgical Legacy" (PDF). The Journal of Urology. 185 (6): 2424–2427. doi:x.1016/j.juro.2011.01.077. PMID 21511295. Archived from the original (PDF) on November four, 2013. Retrieved November four, 2013.
4. ^ Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter 50. (eds.). "Sims, James Marion". American Medical Biographies. Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Lerner, Barron (October 28, 2003). "Scholars Argue Over Legacy of Surgeon Who Was Lionized, Then Vilified". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j 1000} Wall, Fifty. L. (June 2006). "The medical ethics of Dr J Marion Sims: a fresh expect at the historical record". Journal of Medical Ethics. 32 (6): 346–350. doi:10.1136/jme.2005.012559. ISSN 0306-6800. PMC2563360. PMID 16731734.
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Wylie, West. Gill (1884). Memorial Sketch of the Life of J. Marion Sims. New York: D. Appleton and Visitor.
8. ^ Ward, George Gray (March 1936), "Marion Sims and the Origin of Modern Gynecology", Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 12 (three): 93–104, PMC1965916, PMID 19311983
9. ^ ^{a b} Sims, J. Marion (1885), The Story of My Life, D. Appleton & Company, archived from the original on July 11, 2021, retrieved October 20, 2018
10. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Baldwin, W. O. (1884). Tribute to the tardily James Marion Sims. Montgomery, Alabama: Montgomery, Ala. Archived from the original on July xi, 2021. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
11. ^ "South Carolina Female Collegiate Institute, Barhamville — History of South Carolina Slide Collection". South Carolina ETV Committee. 2018. Archived from the original on Baronial 6, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
12. ^ ^{a b c d east f thousand h} Brinker, Wendy (2000). "J. Marion Sims: One Among Many Monumental Mistakes". A Dr. J. Marion Sims Dossier. University of Illinois. Archived from the original on October xiii, 2018. Retrieved March xiv, 2017.
13. ^ Chalakoski, Martin (May 9, 2018). "J. Marion Sims, the controversial 'father of modern gynecology,' conducted experiments on enslaved women and did not use anesthesia". The Vintage News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
14. ^ ^{a b c} Back-scratch, Richard O.; Cowden, Joanna Dunlop (1972). Slavery in America: Theodore Weld'southward American Slavery As It Is . Itasca, Illinois: F. East. Peacock. OCLC 699102217.
15. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Kapsalis, Terri (1997). Public Privates: Performing Gynecology from Both Ends of the Speculum. Knuckles University Printing. p. 46. ISBN978-0822319214. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2017 – via Google Books.
16. ^ ^{a b} "James Marion Sims". Alabama Department of Archives and History. 1995. Archived from the original on Jan 28, 1999. Retrieved Jan 28, 2020.
17. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g} Ojunga, Durrenda (March 1993). "The medical ethics of the 'Father of Gynaecology', Dr J Marion Sims". Journal of Medical Ideals. 19 (1): 28–31. doi:10.1136/jme.xix.1.28. PMC1376165. PMID 8459435.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Axelsen, Diana Due east. (1993). "Women as Victims of Medical Experimentation: J. Marion Sims' Surgery on Slave Women, 1845-1850". In Cott, Nancy F. (ed.). History of Women in the United States: Historical Manufactures on Women's Lives and Activities. Vol. 11, Women'south Bodies, Wellness and Childbirth. Berlin: K. G. Saur. pp. 93–100. doi:ten.1515/9783110976328.93. ISBN3110976323.
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20. ^ Wall, L. Lewis (Feb 2020). "Henry van Roonhuyse and the showtime repair of a vesico-vaginal fistula (~1676)". International Urogynecology Journal. 31 (ii): 237–241. doi:10.1007/s00192-019-04158-7. ISSN 1433-3023. PMID 31807799. S2CID 208649162. Archived from the original on February 18, 2021. Retrieved Jan vii, 2021.
21. ^ McGinnis, Lamar S., Jr. (January 1, 2017). "J. Marion Sims: Paving the fashion". Bulletin of the American Higher of Surgeons. 102 (1): 64–5. PMID 28925614. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
22. ^ ^{a b} Kapsalis, Terri (2002). "Mastering the Female Pelvis: Race and the Tools of Reproduction". In Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (ed.). Peel Deep, Spirit Strong: The Black Female Torso in American Culture (PDF). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 263–300. ISBN978-0472067077. Archived (PDF) from the original on November iii, 2019. Retrieved Dec i, 2017.
23. ^ ^{a b} Snorton, C. Riley (Oct 25, 2017). Blackness on Both Sides. University of Minnesota Press. doi:ten.5749/minnesota/9781517901721.001.0001. ISBN9781517901721.
24. ^ "Ether and Chloroform".
25. ^ ^{a b} Vedantam, Shankar; Take a chance, Vanessa Northington (Feb xvi, 2016). "Remembering Anarcha, Lucy, and Betsey: The Mothers of Modern Gynecology". NPR. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
26. ^ Wall, L. Lewis (July 2007). "Did J. Marion Sims deliberately addict his first fistula patients to opium?". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 62 (3): 336–356. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrl045. PMID 17082217.
27. ^ ^{a b c d e f thou} Shingleton, H. One thousand. (March–April 2009). "The Bottom Known Dr. Sims". ACOG Clinical Review. 14 (two): 13–sixteen.
28. ^ Sims, J. Marion (May 1877). "The Discovery of Anaesthesia". Virginia Medical Monthly.
29. ^ Rosenbloom, Julia M.; Schonberger, Robert B. (2015). "The outlook of physician histories: J. Marion Sims and 'The Discovery of Anaesthesia'". Medical Humanities. 41 (2): 102–106. doi:10.1136/medhum-2015-010680. PMID 26048369. S2CID 25086321.
30. ^ Sims, J. Marion (1880). The bromide of ethyl as an anaesthetic. New York Academy of Medicine. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
31. ^ "Monument to 'Mothers of Gynecology' unveiled in Montgomery". al. September 27, 2021. Archived from the original on September 28, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
32. ^ Hartigan, J.F. (1884). The Lock-Jaw of Infants. Bermingham & Co. p. 17.
33. ^ Roper, Martha (September 12, 2007). "Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus" (PDF). Lancet. Earth Health Organization. 370 (9603): 1947–59. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61261-vi. PMID 17854885. S2CID 14064720. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved Oct 5, 2020.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Kenny, Stephen C. (August 1, 2007). "'I can do the child no good': Dr Sims and the Enslaved Infants of Montgomery, Alabama". Social History of Medicine. 20 (ii): 223–241. doi:10.1093/shm/hkm036. ISSN 1477-4666. PMID 18605326. Archived from the original on November iii, 2019. Retrieved August two, 2020.
35. ^ Washington, Harriet A. (2008). Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. Knopf Doubleday. pp. 62–63. ISBN9780767929394. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
36. ^ Perper, Joshua A.; Cina, Stephen J. (2010). When Doctors Kill: Who, Why, and How. Springer Science & Business organization Media. p. 88. ISBN9781441913692. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
37. ^ Kapsalis, Terri (March 24, 2019). Mastering the Female Pelvis. Ann Arbor. p. 263. ISBN9780472067077. Archived from the original on June 28, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
38. ^ Kenny, South. C. (January 1, 2010). ""A Dictate of Both Interest and Mercy"? Slave Hospitals in the Antebellum South". Periodical of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 65 (i): 1–47. doi:x.1093/jhmas/jrp019. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 19549698. S2CID 22183013.
39. ^ Trouillot, Terence (August 23, 2017). "Pressure level Builds to Accept Down a Particularly Gruesome NYC Monument to Physician Who Experimented on Female Slaves". ArtNet. Archived from the original on August 26, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
40. ^ Barber, Rebekah (August 25, 2017). "Monuments to the father of gynecology accolade brutality confronting Blackness women". Facing South. Archived from the original on Nov 13, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
41. ^ de Costa, Caroline G. (June 2003). "James Marion Sims: some speculations and a new position" (PDF). The Medical Journal of Commonwealth of australia. 178 (12): 660–663. doi:x.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05401.x. PMID 12797862. S2CID 77028975. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
42. ^ Owens, Deidre Cooper (August 2, 2017). "More Than a Statue: Rethinking J. Marion Sims' Legacy". Rewire.News. Archived from the original on Oct 29, 2018. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
43. ^ ^{a b} Sims, J. Marion (May 1877). "History of the discovery of amazement". Virginia Medical Monthly: 1.
44. ^ "Meeting Anarcha", Mend, The University Printing of Kentucky, pp. 62–63, 2018, doi:10.2307/j.ctv5npjt6.38, ISBN978-0-8131-7628-four
45. ^ Hallman, J. C. "J. Marion Sims and the Civil War — a rollicking tale of deceit and spycraft". The Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved September ane, 2020.
46. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Hallman, J.C. (September 28, 2018). "J. Marion Sims and the Ceremonious War — a rollicking tale of cant and spycraft". Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
47. ^ Sims, J. Marion (1877). "Introduction". In Marion-Sims, H. (ed.). The Story of My Life. D. Appleton & Company. Archived from the original on July 11, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
48. ^ Martin, Hayes; Ehrlich, Harry; Butler, Francelia (March 1950). "J. Marion Sims—Pioneer cancer protagonist". Cancer. 3 (2): 189–204. doi:x.1002/1097-0142(1950)iii:2<189::Help-CNCR2820030202>3.0.CO;2-1.
49. ^ Peaslee, Eastward R; Emmet, Thomas Addis; Thomas, T Gaillard (1877). To the medical profession: statements respecting the separation of Dr. J. Marion Sims from the Woman's Hospital, New York. New York. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
50. ^ Sims, J. Marion (1877). The Woman's Hospital in 1874. A Respond to the Printed Circular of Drs. E. R. Peaslee, T. A. Pismire, and T. Gailliard Thomas. New York: New York : Kent, printers.
51. ^ Peaslee, Due east. R.; Ant, T. A.; Thomas, T. G. (1877). Reply to Dr. J. Marion Sims' Pamphlet, entitled 'The Woman's Hospital in 1874' . New York: Trow's Printing and Bookbinding.
52. ^ "J. Marion Sims". Innovative Healthcare: MUSC'southward Legacy of Progress. Waring Historical Library. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2017. Retrieved March 15, 2017.
53. ^ The bronze continuing figure is signed "[F. v]on Miller fec. München 1892" (Text of historical sign Archived April 6, 2005, at the Wayback Machine).
54. ^ ^{a b} Neuman, William (April 16, 2018). "Urban center Orders Sims Statue Removed from Central Park". The New York Times. Archived from the original on Apr 17, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
55. ^ Ward, George Greyness (Dec 1934). "Marion Sims and the origin of modern gynecology". Bulletin of the New York University of Medicine. Second. ten (12): 721–724. PMC1965916. PMID 19311983.
56. ^ Pérez, Miriam Zoila. "New Target for Statue Removal: 'Father of Gynecology' Who Operated on Enslaved Black Women". Race Forward. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
57. ^ Krause, Kenneth (2018). "Science (Indeed, the Earth?) Needs Fewer, Non More, Icons". Skeptical Inquirer. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. 42 (1): 23–25.
58. ^ ^{a b} Hallman, J.C. (September 28, 2018). "J. Marion Sims and the Ceremonious War — a rollicking tale of cant and spycraft". Montgomery Advertiser. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
59. ^ "Charges dropped against man defendant of throwing ketchup on Confederate statue at Capitol". Montgomery Advertiser. Associated Press. October 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November iii, 2019. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
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61. ^ Roldán, Cynthia (August 16, 2017). "Steve Benjamin says monument at SC State House 'should come down at some bespeak'". The State. Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
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Further reading (arranged by date) [edit]

• Sims, James Marion (1866). Clinical notes on uterine surgery: With Special Reference to the Management of the Sterile Condition. London: Robert Hardwicke. Retrieved July xvi, 2015.
• Sims, James Marion (1889). The Story of My Life. New York: Appleton.
• Harris, Seale; Browin, Frances Williams (1950). Woman's surgeon: the life story of J. Marion Sims. New York.
• Speert, H. (1958). Obstetrics and Gynecologic Milestones. New York: Macmillan. pp. 442–454.
• McGregor, Deborah Kuhn (1990). Sexual surgery and the origins of gynecology: J. Marion Sims, his hospital, and his patients. Garland. ISBN978-0824037680.
• Ojanuga, D. (1993). "The medical ideals of the 'male parent of gynaecology', Dr J Marion Sims". Journal of Medical Ethics. 19 (1): 1928–1931. doi:10.1136/jme.19.i.28. PMC1376165. PMID 8459435.
• Axelsen, Diana E. (1993). "Women equally Victims of Medical Experimentation: J. Marion Sims' Surgery on Slave Women, 1845–1850". In Cott, Nancy F. (ed.). History of Women in the United States: Historical Articles on Women's Lives and Activities. Vol. 11, Women's Bodies, Health and Childbirth. Berlin: Yard. Thousand. Saur. pp. 93–100. doi:ten.1515/9783110976328.93. ISBN3110976323.
• Gamble, Vanessa (November 1997). "Under the Shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and Health Care". American Journal of Public Health. 87 (11): 1773–viii. doi:10.2105/AJPH.87.eleven.1773. PMC1381160. PMID 9366634.
• Kapsalis, Terri (2002). "Mastering the Female Pelvis: Race and the Tools of Reproduction". In Wallace-Sanders, Kimberly (ed.). Pare Deep, Spirit Strong: The Blackness Female Trunk in American Culture . Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. pp. 263–300. ISBN978-0472067077.
• Schwartz, Marie Jenkins (2006). Birthing a Slave: Maternity and Medicine in the American South.
• Spencer, Thomas (January 21, 2006). "UAB shelves divisive portrait of medical titans: Gynecologist's practices at heart of debate". Birmingham News.
• Washington, Harriet A. (2008). Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Nowadays. Anchor. ISBN978-0385509930.
• Kenny, Stephen C., "'A Dictate of Both Interest and Mercy'? Slave Hospitals in the Antebellum Southward", Journal of the History of Medicine and Centrolineal Sciences, Book 65, Result one, January 2010, pages 1–47, https://doi.org/ten.1093/jhmas/jrp019
• Spettel, South.; White, M.D. (June 2011). "The Portrayal of J. Marion Sims' Controversial Surgical Legacy". The Journal of Urology. 185 (half dozen): 2424–2427. doi:x.1016/j.juro.2011.01.077. PMID 21511295.
• Owens, Deirdre Cooper (2017). Medical Bondage: Race, Gender, and the Origins of American Gynecology.

Video [edit]

• Carples, Josh (2019), Remembering Anarcha (Documentary), Kirby I. Bland, Michelle Browder, LaToya Clark, Harriet E. Amos Doss, 803 Films, Carolyn Jean's Son Visions, Terrible Master Films

External links [edit]

• "J. Marion Sims", Encyclopedia of Alabama
• "Sims, James Marion". Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1900.
• J. Marion Sims Letters, South Carolina Digital Library

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Marion_Sims

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